Compared with saline, glucagon bolus increased mean heart rate by 13.0 beats per minute (95% CI, 8.0–18.0 P<0.001), systolic blood pressure by 15.6 mm Hg (95% CI, 8.0–23.2 P=0.002), diastolic blood pressure by 9.4 mm Hg (95% CI, 6.3–12.6 P<0.001), and cardiac output by 18.0 % (95% CI, 9.7–26.9 P=0.003) at the 5‐minute time point on days without beta‐blockade. End points were hemodynamic and adverse effects of glucagon compared with saline. Glucagon/saline was administered from 0 minutes as a 2‐minute intravenous bolus or as a 30‐minute infusion (same total glucagon dose). On individual days, esmolol/saline was infused from −15 to 30 minutes. In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy men received combinations of esmolol (1.25 mg/kg bolus+0.75 mg/kg/min infusion), glucagon (50 µg/kg), and identical volumes of saline placebo on 5 separate days in random order (saline+saline esmolol+saline esmolol+glucagon bolus saline+glucagon infusion saline+glucagon bolus). Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).
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